Priyanka Kalamkar
1* 
, Chhaya Gadgoli
1, Gaurav Girase
1, Riya Dalvi
1, Piyusha Dadrekar
1, Nishita Karulkar
1, Sejal Deshmukh
1, Vaibhav Kalamkar
21 Saraswathi Vidya Bhavan’s College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
2 Sterling Institute of Pharmacy, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, India
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a significant clinical challenge and global public health issue. Kidney disease progresses over time and is silent due to exposure to nephrotoxicants and oxidative stress. Early detection of kidney injury is crucial for the treatment and nephroprotection. Conventional biomarkers such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and urea are detected after 60% of kidney injury and they are not specific. The use of specific secondary novel biomarkers for the detection of kidney damage and evaluation of nephrotoxicity is a prerequisite for nephroprotection. Gene expression profiling is a potent technique for decoding pathways involved in nephrotoxicity. Targeting specific genes discovered through gene expression profiling can reduce severity. Nephrotoxicity is associated with the use of drugs such as cisplatin, and gentamycin. Second-generation biomarkers such as kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), clusterin, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), β2-microglobulin, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) are proteins released from the renal tubules in response to kidney damage and helps in early detection of kidney injury. Evaluation of these novel parameters will help in early diagnosis of kidney injury.
Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education:
Second-generation biomarkers of kidney injury have become a prerequisite and early detection of these markers is currently used for the evaluation of nephroprotection of synthetic drugs, plant extract and phytopharmaceuticals during pre-clinical assessment markers such as kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), clusterin, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), β2-microglobulin, tissue inhibitor of matrix metallopro-teinase-1 (TIMP-1) are proteins released from the renal tubules in response to kidney damage. Upregulation of these markers can be detected in urine or blood samples. These second-generation biomarkers could be applied to assess the initial stages of kidney injury and early disease diagnosis helps in nephroprotection. In the current review, we are discussing recent de-velopments second generation biomarkers and their specificity in early detection of kidney damage as compared to conventional biomarkers.
Please cite this paper as: Kalamkar P, Gadgoli C, Girase G, Dalvi R, Dadrekar P, Karulkar N, Deshmukh S, Kalamkar V. Novel biomarkers for detection of nephrotoxicity. J Renal Inj Prev. 2024; 13(3): e33294. doi: 10.34172/jrip.2024.33294.