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Submitted: 08 Jan 2025
Revision: 08 Mar 2025
Accepted: 28 Mar 2025
ePublished: 22 May 2025
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J Renal Inj Prev. 2025;14(3): e38437.
doi: 10.34172/jrip.2025.38437
  Abstract View: 40
  PDF Download: 16

Meta-analysis

Exploring the correlation of remnant-like particle cholesterol levels with CKD developing risk: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis

Halime Aali 1 ORCID logo, Sara Bazgiri 2 ORCID logo, Zahra Jamalafrouz 3 ORCID logo, Seyed Saied Rajaei Ramsheh 4 ORCID logo, Mahboobeh Askarizade 5 ORCID logo, Zahra Bazargani 6 ORCID logo, Fariba Asadi Noghabi 7 ORCID logo, Erfan Shafiei 8 ORCID logo, Dadkhoda Soofi 1* ORCID logo

1 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Amir Al-Momenin Hospital Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
2 Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
4 Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
5 Pharmaceutics Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
6 Clinical Research Development Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Valiasr Hospital, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
7 Mother and Child Welfare Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
8 Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
*Corresponding Author: Dadkhoda Soofi, Email: dr.sufi@zbmu.ac.ir

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressing illness worldwide and the relationship between remnant-C and CKD is still uncertain. Indeed, this study aims to evaluate the relationship between remnant-C and the risk of CKD development in a systematic review and meta-analysis study.

Materials and Methods: This study surveyed databases like Web of Science, Cochrane, ProQuest, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar up to December 17, 2024. Data analysis was performed by STATA 14 software, and the test confidential level was P<0.05.

Results: Remnant-C causes a higher risk of CKD (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.41). In addition, the remnant-C in second quartile (R:1.20, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.27), third quartile (OR:1.26, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.40), 4th quartile (OR:1.62, 95% CI: 1.42, 1.86), second tertile (OR:1.12, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.19) and 3rd tertile (OR:1.23, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.31) further increased CKD risk. According to the subgroup analysis, remnant-C in the group with the range of 40 to 49 years (OR:1.32, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.48), 50 to 59 years (OR:1.26, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.40), 60 to 69 years (OR:1.39, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.69), in men (OR:1.23, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.33) and women (OR:1.51, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.82) lead to higher risk of CKD. Additionally, remnant-C in diabetic patients (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.48), individuals with body mass index (BMI) <25 (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.43), and individuals with BMI>25 (OR:1.39, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.60) lead to a higher risk of CKD, either.

Conclusion: Our study reveals that remnant-C causes a higher risk of CKD, and a higher level of remnant-C leads to a higher risk of CKD. Notably, remnant-C causes CKD in women more than men and in individuals with BMI >25 kg/m2 more than ones with BMI<25 kg/m2 , shedding new light on the gender and BMI-specific risks associated with remnant-C.

Registration: This study has been compiled based on the PRISMA checklist, and its protocol was registered on the PROSPERO (ID: CRD42025632075) and Research Registry (UIN: reviewregistry1936) websites.



Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education:

This meta-analysis encompassed nine observational studies, comprising four cohorts and five cross-sectional studies. It revealed a significant association between remnant cholesterol levels and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The findings indicated that as remnant cholesterol levels rose, the likelihood of developing CKD correspondingly increased. Furthermore, the analysis highlighted a gender disparity, demonstrating that remnant cholesterol posed a greater risk for the development of CKD in women compared to men.

Please cite this paper as: Aali H, Bazgiri S, Jamalafrouz Z, Rajaei Ramsheh SS, Askarizade M, Bazargani Z, Asadi Noghabi F, Shafiei E, Soofi D. Exploring the correlation of remnant-like particle cholesterol levels with CKD developing risk: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Renal Inj Prev. 2025; 14(3): e38437. doi: 10.34172/jrip.2025.38437.

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